肺癌

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　　肺癌最常用的临床分期方法是采用国际通用的TNM分期(T：代表肿瘤大小，N：代表淋巴结转移，M：代表远处转移)：分期检查包括了胸部CT扫描和纤维支气管镜作为肿瘤T分期最常用的手段，对于未能明确病理组织学诊断的肺内结节，纤维支气管镜活检和CT引导下肺穿刺活检是非常必要的；电视胸腔镜对于不明原因胸腔积液的诊断有独特优势。颅脑核磁共振、腹部超声或CT和全身骨扫描检查是排除肺外转移最常用的手段，如果您的主管医生没有安排这些分期检查直接就安排手术，我建议您立即转院治疗！（如果分期检查都不规范，手术和术后的治疗可能也不规范！）
　　近年来开展的电视纵隔镜可以准确判断纵隔淋巴结是否转移。有接近30-50%胸部CT提示的肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移都是假阳性，国外各医疗中心都是术前常规检查，我国只是在一些大的肺癌中心和少数肿瘤医院胸外科开展。
　　以上这些分期检查已经列入北京市和许多省市的医疗保险报销目录。我认为这些检查是作为肺癌治疗前必须要完成的检查项目，特别是对于那些认为需要手术治疗的肺癌病人尤为重要。

　　近年来，一些新的肺癌分期手段如正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET和PET-CT)检查、和超声内镜引导食管镜下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)和支气管镜活检(EBUS-TBNA)的临床应用，使肺癌治疗前纵隔淋巴结临床分期更加趋于准确。特别是正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET和PET-CT)检查，希望尽快进入医保报销目录！

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肺结核与肺癌的鉴别             肺癌晚期症状有什么

==== 汉译英 ====
The clinical staging of lung cancer the most commonly used method is the adoption of international common TNM staging (T: on behalf of tumor size, N: on behalf of lymph node metastasis, M: on behalf of distant metastasis): stage inspections include a chest CT scan and fiberoptic bronchoscope as a tumor T staging the most commonly used means of, for lack of clear histopathological diagnosis of pulmonary nodules, fiber bronchoscopic biopsy and CT guided lung biopsy is necessary; video-assisted thoracoscope for the diagnosis of pleural effusion of unknown causes a unique advantage. Brain MRI, abdominal ultrasound or CT, and whole body bone scan to exclude extra-pulmonary metastasis most commonly used means of a competent physician if you have not arranged directly on the arrangements for inspection of these phases surgery, I recommend that you immediately transfers the treatment! (If you do not check the specification stage, surgery and postoperative treatment may not be standard!)
Undertaken in recent years, video-mediastinoscopy can accurately determine whether the mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Nearly 30-50% of lung cancer prompted the chest CT were false-positive mediastinal lymph node metastasis, and foreign medical centers are the preoperative routine examination, our country only in some large centers and a small number of lung cancer hospital thoracic surgery carried out.
These checks have been included in the staging of many provinces and municipalities of Beijing and medical insurance reimbursement directory. I think these checks as a lung cancer treatment must be completed before the examination items, especially for those who believe that need for surgical treatment of lung cancer patients is particularly important.

In recent years, a number of new lung cancer staging methods, such as positron emission tomography (PET and PET-CT) examination, and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of esophageal endoscopy (EUS-FNA), and bronchoscopic biopsy (EBUS - TBNA) of clinical applications, so that pre-treatment of lung cancer mediastinal lymph node staging tends to be more accurate. In particular, positron emission tomography (PET and PET-CT) examination, medical insurance claims as quickly as possible into the directory!