肺癌

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    1.肺癌手术前要做纤维支气管镜检查
　　肺癌分为中心型肺癌和周围型肺癌，中心型肺癌的肿瘤T分期决定了外科手切除的范围。术前纤维支气管镜检查除了通过活检明确肺癌的病理类型，还可以清楚地观察肿瘤的侵袭范围，有助于确定手术方式，对于支气管开口部位的中心型肺癌尤为重要。即使周围型肺癌也可以通过有效的支气管镜涮检和支气管镜灌洗液检查得到细胞学诊断，还可以通过经支气管穿刺活检获得病理诊断。
　　目前，中华医学会胸心血管外科学分会已经将纤维支气管镜镜检查作为肺癌术前的常规检查项目。

　　2.有些肺癌患者术前要做电视纵隔镜手术
　　临床研究资料表明：胸部CT对于肺癌纵隔淋巴结的敏感性和特异性50%左右，也就是说胸部CT提示纵隔淋巴结有转移，实际上有接近一半是不正确的。对于计划外科手术的局部中晚期非小细胞肺癌患者，胸部CT和胸部PET如提示有纵隔淋巴结有转移，术前最好通过电视纵隔镜进行纵隔淋巴结活检得以证实，特别是CT和PET提示对侧纵隔淋巴结有转移的病例更应该进行电视纵隔镜检查。国外绝大多数肿瘤中心的规范是：一经确定肺癌出现纵隔淋巴结转移，则常规放弃外科手术改为放化疗治疗手段。我国胸外科医生针对有单个纵隔淋巴结转移的非小细胞肺癌采取选择性地手术，所以电视纵隔镜开展的并不普遍，只在一些大的专科医院和肺癌中心开展。

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==== 汉译英 ====

Preoperative examination of lung cancer

    1. Lung cancer before the surgery to be done fiberoptic bronchoscopy
Of lung cancer is divided into central type of lung cancer and peripheral lung cancer, central type of lung cancer tumor T stage determines the scope of surgical resection in hand. Preoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy biopsy in addition to adopting a clear pathological types of lung cancer, but also can clearly observe the invasion of tumor extent, help to determine the surgical method for bronchial opening parts of the central type of lung cancer is particularly important. Even if the peripheral type of lung cancer can also be an effective bronchoscopic Shabu reviewed and bronchoscopy fluid cytological examination to be diagnosed, but also can be obtained by bronchial biopsy pathology.
At present, the Chinese Medical Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Branch has fiberoptic bronchoscopy microscopic examination of lung cancer patients as a routine examination prior to the project.

2. Some of preoperative patients with lung cancer need to do video-mediastinoscopy
Clinical research data shows that: chest CT for lung cancer, the sensitivity and specificity of mediastinal lymph nodes 50%, meaning that the chest CT prompted mediastinal lymph node, in fact, nearly half of it is not correct. For the planned surgery in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, chest CT and chest, PET, such as a mediastinal lymph node prompts before surgery is best carried out by video-mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node biopsy was able to confirm, especially the CT and PET tips contralateral cases of mediastinal lymph node metastasis should be TV mediastinoscopy. Cancer Center, the vast majority of foreign norms are: a determined mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer occurs, then abandon the surgery instead of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment. My thoracic surgeon targeted at a single mediastinal lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer to take selective surgery, it is not carried out by video-mediastinoscopy in general, only in some large hospitals and specialist centers in lung cancer.