肺癌

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　　烟草与肺癌关系紧密，但为何有的人从不吸烟也会患上肺癌？日前，中国科学院生化与细胞所与复旦大学附属肿瘤医院合作，在非吸烟肺腺癌患者来源的肿瘤样本中，首次发现存在着关键的致癌基因。正是这些基因发生突变，导致了肺腺癌的发生。
　　从病理学的角度，肺癌大致可以分为小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌，其中后者又可细分为腺癌、鳞癌和大细胞癌。目前，腺癌是肺癌的各种亚型中最为常见的，在每年全球确诊的新增病例中约占40%。
　　早在上世纪50年代，人们就逐渐认识到了肺癌与吸烟的相关性，其中以小细胞肺癌与吸烟的关系最为密切。研究发现，90%以上的小细胞肺癌患者来源于吸烟人群，而75%左右的鳞癌患者来源于吸烟人群，相比较而言，只有50%的肺腺癌患者是吸烟者。
　　基于肺腺癌在我国的高发，来源于非吸烟人群的肺腺癌患者已经不在少数，而且非吸烟的肺腺癌患者中，女性占绝大多数。因此，来源于非吸烟人群的肺腺癌已经成为一种新型的疾病。研究人员指出，如果知道了哪些基因发生突变，并导致癌症的发生发展，在临床上就有可能选择性地给患者提供针对性的靶向治疗。揭示非吸烟肺腺癌人群中关键的致癌基因突变谱，将为临床靶向治疗提供理论依据和新的策略。
　　中国科学院生化与细胞所季红斌研究员与复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸外科陈海泉教授合作，在建立高质量的肺癌样本库的基础上，分析了非吸烟肺腺癌患者来源的肿瘤样本中关键致癌基因的突变。研究结果表明，在52例非吸烟肺腺癌患者来源的肿瘤样本中，90%存在着致癌基因突变或融合。其中41例有EGFR激酶域突变，2例有HER2激酶域突变，3例有EML4-ALK基因融合，1例有KRAS基因的突变。这一研究成果发表在国际知名学术期刊《临床肿瘤学杂志》上。

==== 汉译英 ====
Close relationship between tobacco and lung cancer, but also why some people suffer from lung cancer never smoked? Recently, the Chinese Academy of Sciences of the biochemical and cellular cooperation with Fudan University Cancer Hospital, in non-smoking lung cancer tumor samples from patients, there is a critical first discovered oncogenes. It is these gene mutations, leading to the occurrence of lung cancer.
From the pathological point of view, lung cancer can be divided into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, the latter of which can be subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, the various subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma is the most common in new cases diagnosed worldwide each year accounted for about 40%.
Back in the 50s of last century, people gradually realized the correlation between lung cancer and smoking, in which small cell lung cancer is most closely related to smoking. Study found that more than 90% of patients with small cell lung cancer from smokers, and 75% of squamous cell carcinoma from smokers, compared with only 50% of patients with lung cancer are smokers.
Lung cancer in China based on the high-fat, non-smokers from lung cancer patients have been few, and non-smoking lung cancer patients, women constitute the majority. Therefore, non-smokers from lung cancer has become a new type of disease. The researchers pointed out that if you know which gene mutation and lead to cancer development in clinical patients is likely to provide targeted selectively targeted therapy. Reveals the non-smoking lung cancer among cancer-causing mutations in the critical spectrum, will provide a theoretical basis for clinical targeted therapy and new strategies.
Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Hongbin Ji researcher and Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Professor Chen Haiquan cooperation in the establishment of high-quality database on the basis of lung cancer samples were analyzed in patients with non-smoking lung cancer tumor samples from the key cause cancer gene mutations. The results show that in 52 cases of non-smoking lung cancer tumor samples from patients, 90% of the cancer-causing gene mutation exists or fusion. 41 patients with EGFR kinase domain mutation, 2 patients with HER2 kinase domain mutation, 3 cases EML4-ALK gene fusion, 1 case had KRAS mutation. The study, published in internationally renowned journals, "Journal of Clinical Oncology" on.