肺癌

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　　读者李先生：我抽烟20多年了，最近咳嗽得厉害，而且感觉胸部疼痛，有时气短。我查了资料，担心是肺癌，请问该去做什么检查？

　　长期吸烟者如果出现以下症状，都该及时就医、排查肺癌。
    一、不明原因的刺激性干咳，持续两周以上(突发的、阵阵的、无痰或少痰的咳嗽)。
    二、血痰(不是成口咳血，而是痰中带血丝，间断或持续出现)。
    三、不明原因肺部同一部位的反复“炎症”。这些都可能是肺癌早期的典型症状。肺癌的预后与肺癌的早期发现有极其密切的关系，只有早期发现并得到及时的科学治疗，才能取得最佳的治疗效果。

　　出现上述情况后，建议及时到有资质的专科医院诊治，绝大多数肺癌是会被早期检出的。在诸多的检查手段中，胸部常规X线检查包括胸片和胸部透视，胸片可以获得较为清晰的影像，便于仔细观察、分析；胸透可以动态地、多角度观察。痰查癌细胞最好取清晨第一口痰，因为有的肺癌其痰癌细胞检出率还不足50%，因此必须要连查多次(3次以上)才有帮助。此外，还可以进一步做胸部的CT或MRI，而相比之下CT要更好一些，但要接受一定量的X线照射(计量是允许范围内的)。进而还可以做纤维支气管镜、胸腔镜检查；CT引导下肺部病灶穿刺检查；血清癌标志物检查；PET-CT检查等。

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==== 汉译英 ====
Reader Lee: I smoke more than 20 years, recently got a bad cough and feeling of chest pain, shortness of breath at times. I checked the information for fear of lung cancer, what is the what to do inspections?

Long-term smokers, if the following symptoms, all of the time for medical treatment, investigation of lung cancer.
    1 of unknown causes irritating cough, sustained more than two weeks (sudden gust, non-productive cough sputum or less).
    Second, blood sputum (not into the mouth coughing up blood, but blood stained sputum, intermittent or continuous).
    Third, the same parts of the lungs of unknown causes repeated "inflammation." These are likely to be typical of the early symptoms of lung cancer. The prognosis of lung cancer and early detection of cancer are very closely related, and only early detection and timely treatment of science in order to obtain the best therapeutic effect.

Such a situation, we propose a timely manner to the qualified specialist hospital treatment, the vast majority of lung cancer will be detected early. In many inspection methods, the routine chest X-ray examination including chest X-ray and chest fluoroscopy, chest X-ray can get clearer images, ease of careful observation and analysis; chest can be dynamic, multi-angles. Sputum investigation is best to take the early morning first Koutan cancer cells, because some of their sputum lung cancer detection rate is still less than 50%, it is necessary to check with several (more than 3 times) has to help. In addition, it can further take the chest CT or MRI, as compared to CT to be better, but to accept a certain amount of X-ray radiation (within the scope of measurement is permitted). In turn can do fiberoptic bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy; CT-guided lung lesions puncture examination; serum cancer markers inspection; PET-CT screening.