肺癌

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　　痰中带血多见于肺或支气管有病，甚至鼻咽部发炎，天气干燥都可引起痰中带血。偶尔发生一次常不能断定是得了什么病，如果每天或间隔不断地咳出带血的痰，同时伴有咳嗽、胸痛、疲劳、发热等，则应去医院内科诊治。
　　但最常见的病因则为支气管病、肺结核、肺癌。支气管扩张及慢性支气管炎患者常有咯血症状，但多数是少量咯血或痰中带血。肺结核在发展的不同阶段都可能出现咯血症状，多数是痰中带血或少量咯血，但当病情发展，病灶溶解形成空洞型肺结核时，可造成小动脉溃破而出现大量甚至致命性的咯血。肺癌，一般表现为痰中带血或少量咯血，偶然当肿瘤蔓延侵蚀到较大的血管，尤其是动脉时，也可能出现致命性的大咯血。
　　如果见有血液随咳嗽从口腔中咯出，则称为咯血。咯血者，多伴有喉部痒感或刺激感，血色鲜红、泡沫状，常混有痰液。咯血的原因主要有：
　　(1)急性或慢性呼吸道炎症，如肺结核、肺炎、肺脓肿、老慢支、支气管扩张、肺水肿等;
　　(2)心血管疾病，如风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄等;
　　(3)肿瘤，发生于气管、支气管、肺脏、纵膈以及胸壁等部位的肿瘤;
　　(4)出血性疾病，如白血病、血友病等。
　　如有老年人在家里发生咯血时，家属亲友及病人自己切勿惊慌，尤其是病人应避免恐惧和焦虑，因为恐慌可使出血加重，并易出现呛咳。咯血时，病人要保持镇静，有出血一定要让它吐出来，千万不能憋住不吐，这样会使气管或支气管里的血不能排出，以至堵塞气管而引起窒息死亡。其次要严格卧床休息，若已知病灶部位则取患侧卧位，以免血液流入健侧肺内。应尽量减少翻身，减少谈话。如咳嗽剧烈时，可服用可待因2片，以镇咳和减轻咯血。痰、血粘稠时，应增加饮水量及服用祛痰剂，同时应立即选用适当的止血剂，如止血定、安络血等，在服用止血药的同时当与消炎药并用。另外为了预防新的咯血，切勿使大便干燥，应避免排便时用力或过度憋气，必要时可服用缓泻剂。
　　咯血发生后，应及时到医院进行检查，主要是X线胸部透视或拍片，或作CT断层摄影，及支气管造影等，必要时还需作纤维气管镜检查。

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==== 汉译英 ====

Bloody sputum prevalent in the lung or bronchial illness, and even nasopharynx inflammation, the weather was dry and can cause bloody sputum. Occasional one is often unable to determine what the disease won, if the day or interval of constant cough and bloody sputum, accompanied by cough, chest pain, fatigue, fever, etc., should go to the hospital medical treatment.
But the most common cause was bronchial disease, tuberculosis, lung cancer. Often in patients with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis symptoms of hemoptysis, but most is a small amount of hemoptysis or bloody sputum. Tuberculosis in different stages of development can occur hemoptysis symptoms, most of them having blood in sputum, or a small amount of hemoptysis, but progression of the disease, the lesions when dissolved in the formation of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis, can cause ulceration and a large number of small arteries and even fatal hemoptysis. Lung cancer, usually expressed as having blood in sputum or a small amount of hemoptysis, and occasionally when the tumor spread to the erosion of the larger blood vessels, especially the artery may also arise fatal hemoptysis.
If you saw the blood with the cough from the mouth Luochu is called hemoptysis. Hemoptysis were more associated with itching or stimulate a sense of throat, blood red, foam-like, often mixed with mucus. Main causes of hemoptysis include:
(1) acute or chronic respiratory tract inflammation, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung abscess, old chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary edema, etc.;
(2) cardiovascular diseases, such as rheumatic mitral stenosis, etc.;
(3) tumor, occurred in the trachea, bronchus, lung, mediastinum, and chest wall and other parts of the tumor;
(4), hemorrhagic diseases, such as leukemia, hemophilia.
If hemoptysis occurs when the elderly at home, family friends and patients themselves not to panic, in particular, the patient should avoid fear and anxiety, because panic can increase bleeding, and readily from choking. Hemoptysis, the patient to remain calm, there is bleeding must make it threw up, do not Biezhu do not spit, it would be blood inside the trachea or bronchus can not be discharged, as well as airway blockage caused by suffocation. Second, we must strictly bed rest, if the lesions are known to take the affected side while supine position in order to avoid the blood into the contralateral lung. Emancipated should be minimized to reduce the conversation. Such as severe coughing, it can take 2 tablets of codeine to relieve cough and hemoptysis. Sputum, blood viscosity, to increase the water intake and take expectorant agent, at the same time should immediately use the appropriate hemostatic agents, such as bleeding set, an envelope of blood, etc., while taking hemostatic and used as and anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition to preventing new hemoptysis, do not make the stool dry and should be avoided when the force or excessive defecation hold your breath, if necessary, taking laxatives.
Hemoptysis occurred, should go to hospital for examination, mainly X-ray chest perspective, or film, or for CT tomography, and bronchography, etc., if necessary, need to make fiber bronchoscopy.