肺癌

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　　1)其他体征，四肢关节疼痛或肥大杵状指，多发性神经炎，重症肌无力，库欣综合征及男性乳房增生肥大，精神异常等。
　　2)舌苔以厚腻苔为多，黄苔剥脱苔次之，舌体有裂纹及芒刺者明显增多。舌下青筋显露，大络脉充盈，小络脉曲张，舌下瘀斑瘀点明显增多。
　　3) 面色，肺癌患者的面色多见苍白，无光泽，潮红，紫红，面红如妆，面部蟹爪纹、晦暗、萎黄等异常表现，尤以两颊部为显著。特别是颧部的蟹爪纹随着临床分期的加重而加重。
　　4)肺癌通过淋巴道转移时可见到相应部位淋巴结群肿大和邻近相应部位的压迫症状。通过血道转移到脑、骨、肝等部位时，均有相应的体征出现。
　　5)癌肿侵犯迷走神经可使心率加速，侵犯心肌的传导系统可引起心律不齐，侵犯心包可产生心包积液，出现缩窄性心包炎的症状。
　　6)肿瘤接近胸膜时可引起反应性胸水，侵及胸膜时常产生血性胸水。
　　7)压迫膈神经时引起同侧膈肌麻痹和上升，X线透视可见病侧膈肌运动迟缓，缩鼻吸气有矛盾运动。
　　9)压迫臂丛神经引起同侧肩臂酸痛，不能抬举，肩部及手指有放射性疼痛和感觉异常，肌肉萎缩。
　　8)压迫食管引起吞咽困难，甚至发生支气管一食管瘘，导致肺部感染，压迫气道严重时可窒息而死。
　　10)肺尖部的肺癌又称肺上沟瘤，常压迫颈交感神经引起同侧瞳孔缩小。上眼睑下垂、眼球内陷、眼裂狭小、额部少汗等霍纳综合征。
　　11)癌肿压追上腔静脉时，常见于右上叶小细胞癌，头部和上肢静脉回流受阻，产生头面部和上半身瘀血水肿及静脉怒张(即上腔静脉压迫综合征)。
　　12)淋巴结转移压迫或侵犯喉返神经(左侧多见)时出现声音嘶哑。喉镜纵隔检查有患侧声带麻痹。
　　13)局限性喘鸣音：为单侧性局限性喘鸣声，特别在吸气阶段的喘鸣音，咳嗽后并不消失，是肺癌早期体征之一，但为时短暂，容易被忽视。

==== 汉译英 ====
1) Other signs, joint pain or hypertrophy clubbing, multiple neuritis, myasthenia gravis, Cushing syndrome and male breast hypertrophy, mental disorders.
2) thick coating for the tongue to more yellow tongue coating stripping the second, there are cracks and prick the tongue was significantly increased. Sublingual veins exposed, large collaterals filling, small varicose collaterals, sublingual ecchymosis petechiae, increased significantly.
3) looking, looking more common in patients with lung cancer pale, dull, flushing, purple, red face, such as makeup, facial crab claw pattern, dark, chlorosis and other abnormalities, particularly the Department cheeks significant. Especially the crab claw zygomatic clinical stages with increasing grain heavier.
4) through the lymphatic metastasis of lung cancer can be seen when the corresponding group of swollen lymph nodes and adjacent parts of the corresponding parts of the compression symptoms. Metastasis to the brain through the blood, bone, liver and other parts of the time, there are corresponding signs.
5) carcinoma involving the vagus nerve can speed up heart rate, cardiac conduction system violations can cause arrhythmias, pericardial effusion can produce violations of the pericardium, there symptoms of constrictive pericarditis.
6) The tumor can cause reactions when close to pleural effusion, often produces bloody invasion and pleural effusion.
7) pressure caused by the ipsilateral phrenic nerve palsy and increased diaphragm, X-ray side of the diaphragm of patients seen sluggish, reduced nasal breathing exercise in contradiction.
9) caused by compression of brachial plexus ipsilateral shoulder and arm pain, not lifting, shoulders and fingers with radioactive pain and paresthesia, muscle atrophy.
8), esophageal compression caused by swallowing difficulties, and even a bronchial fistula, leading to lung infection, severe airway pressure may be asphyxiation.
10) apex of lung cancer, also known as the Department of Pancoast tumor, usually caused by compression of cervical sympathetic ipsilateral miosis. Upper eyelid ptosis, enophthalmos, eye fissure narrow, low forehead Khan Horner syndrome.
11) The pressure to catch up with vena cava tumor, the common right upper Ye cell carcinoma, head and upper extremity venous obstruction, resulting in bleeding head and face and upper body edema and venous engorgement (ie, superior vena cava syndrome).
12) oppression or violation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node metastasis (left more common) when a hoarse voice. Ipsilateral mediastinal check laryngoscopy vocal cord paralysis.
13) The limitations of wheezing: song for the unilateral limitation of asthma, especially in the inspiratory phase of wheezing, coughing, after not disappear, the early signs of lung cancer, but it was too short, easily overlooked.