肺癌

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　　肺癌晚期可出现各个不同脏器的转移，可引起相应的症状，常常给病人带来极大的痛苦，甚至威胁到生命。临床最常见的转移有以下几个部位：

　　1 肺癌脑转移肺癌病员出现无原因的头疼、呕吐、视觉障碍以及性格、脾气改变可能为肺癌转移到脑部引起的颅内高压或脑神经受损所致。常见于小细胞肺癌、腺癌类型。头痛为最常见的症状，呕吐多出现在头痛激烈时，特点为喷射性呕吐；视力障碍则说明肿瘤已经影响压迫或侵犯到视神经，除上述常见症状之外，肺癌脑转移还可出现复视、阵发性黑蒙、猝倒、意识障碍、血压增高、脉搏减慢、严重者可因肿瘤压迫产生脑疝导致呼吸停止，危及病员的生命。另外，近年来由于对肺癌病员脑CT检查的普遍应用，发现了许多无症状的脑转移患者，为治疗赢得了时间。因此对诊断为肺癌的病员脑CT应列为常规检查，以尽早发现脑转移。

　　2 肺癌骨转移：大约有50%肺癌病员最终会出现多个部位的骨转移。骨转移早期一般无任何症状，骨同位素扫描可发现有病变的骨骼。骨转移症状与肿瘤转移的部位、数量有关，如肺癌肋骨转移引起的胸痛，多表现为胸壁部位局限的、有明确压痛点的疼痛。脊髓转移引起后背部正中或病变部位疼痛，而四肢或躯干的骨转移引起该部位的局限性疼痛。骨转移并非威胁肺癌病员生命的直接原因，但如肿瘤转移到机体承重骨如颈椎、胸椎、腰椎等部位则可造成瘫痪的严重后果。因此对肺癌出现骨转移患者应及时治疗。

　　3肺癌肝转移：肝脏也是肺癌常见的转移部位，约有28-33%的肺癌出现肝转移。肝转移是原发性肺癌的癌细胞脱落后通过血液循环侵入肝脏并在肝脏种植生长，肝转移可以是单发或多个结节转移灶。最常见的症状为肝区疼痛，为持续性涨痛，同时可伴有食欲不振，消化不良等肝功能受损的表现

　　4 .肺癌肾及肾上腺转移：肾及肾上腺均是肺癌晚期出现血道转移的结果，约有17%-20%的肺癌病员出现肾及肾上腺转移，患者常无症状，有部分病员可出现肾区涨痛，但很少出现影响肾功能。

　　5.肺癌其它部位转移：肺癌除上述几种常见转移部位外，较少见的转移部位有皮肤、皮下组织、肌肉、腹腔内、心脏等部位的转移，症状常与转移部位相关。如转移到心脏可出现胸闷、心悸甚至气急、晕厥、心律紊乱等症状。

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==== 汉译英 ====

Advanced lung cancer can occur in different organs of the transfer, can cause the symptoms of the corresponding, often bring great suffering to patients, and even life-threatening. The most common clinical transfer has the following positions:

A lung cancer patient with brain metastasis of lung cancer occurs with no known cause headache, vomiting, visual disorders and personality, temperament changes may be caused by lung cancer metastasis to the brain or nerve damage caused by intracranial hypertension. Commonly found in small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma type. The most common symptoms of headache, vomiting, intense headache occur more than when the jet is characterized by vomiting; visual impairment is illustrated in cancer has affected the oppression or abuse to the optic nerve, in addition to the above-mentioned common symptoms, the lung cancer with brain metastasis may also occur diplopia, paroxysmal amaurosis, damping-off, disturbance of consciousness, blood pressure, pulse slow down more seriously, may be generated due to tumor compression hernia cause breathing to stop, endangering the patient's life. In addition, in recent years, lung cancer patient because of the universal application of brain CT examination and found a number of asymptomatic patients with brain metastases, for the treatment of gain of time. Therefore, the diagnosis of brain CT for lung cancer patient should be classified as routine examination for early detection of brain metastases.

2 bone metastasis of lung cancer: about 50% of lung cancer patient will eventually be multiple sites of bone metastasis. Of early bone metastases in general without any symptoms, bone isotope scan can be found to have bone lesions. Symptoms of bone metastasis and tumor metastasis site, related to the number, such as lung cancer, chest pain caused by rib metastasis, multi-site limited the performance of the chest wall, there is a clear tender point pain. After the spinal cord caused by back pain in the middle or lesion, while the limbs or trunk caused by bone metastases of the parts of the limitations of the pain. Bone metastasis is not a threat to life, the direct cause of lung cancer patient, but if the body of tumor metastasis to the load-bearing bone, such as cervical, thoracic, lumbar spine and other parts of the serious consequences can result in paralysis. Therefore, patients with bone metastasis of lung cancer appears to be timely treatment.

3 lung cancer liver metastases: liver is also common sites of metastases of lung cancer, about 28-33% of lung cancer, liver metastases occur. Liver metastasis of cancer cells is a primary lung cancer, after shedding the blood circulation through the liver and invasive plant growth in the liver, liver metastases may be solitary or multiple nodular metastasis. The most common symptoms of liver pain, for the continuity of Zhang Tong, while accompanied by loss of appetite, indigestion and so the performance of impaired liver function

4. Lung cancer, kidney and adrenal metastasis: lung cancer, kidney and adrenal gland are hematogenous metastasis occurs late results, about 17% -20% of lung cancer, kidney and adrenal metastasis patient, the patient often asymptomatic, some areas up kidney patient, there may be pain, but few appear to influence renal function.

5. Lung cancer, other parts of the transfers: In addition to these several common lung cancer, metastatic sites, the less common sites of metastases are the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, intra-abdominal, heart and other parts of the transfer, the symptoms often associated with the metastatic sites. Transferred to the heart can occur such as chest tightness, palpitations or shortness of breath, syncope, cardiac rhythm disturbances and other symptoms.