肺癌

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　　肺癌外科手术前准备包括肿瘤学准备和外科学准备两方面。一旦经过肺癌诊断及分期检查确认为符合外科手术适应症的肺癌患者 , 主治医生会制定一系列与肺切除术相关的术前临床检查。
　　详细询问病史并了解全身健康状况, 完成重要器官功能的检查，了解是否有药物过敏史和既往手术史。外科重点是肺功能和心脏功能检查。肺功能检查用以确认余肺是否能够代偿。血气分析用以判断血中氧和二氧化碳的排泄功能,心电图和心脏超声检查以确认心脏能否承受开胸肺切除手术。
　　医护人员还会指导患者如何锻炼肺功能和有效咳嗽。
　　肺癌患者手术前一定要戒烟，吸烟对肺部手术有不利的影响。吸烟可以刺激呼吸道，减弱气管内纤毛对粘液的清除能力，导致痰液淤积，影响术后排痰;开胸手术本身对健康肺组织就是一种损伤，肺切除术后余肺很容易出现肺不张，出现肺部感染的机率明显增加。医护人员会告诫烟民立即停止吸烟并于术前至少达到戒烟 2_3 周。
　　术前一天要进行灌肠或服泻药,术前晚10时禁饮食,常规服用催眠药,进手术室前摘除所有的首饰、隐形眼镜、假牙假发等。
　　对于合并其他疾病的老年患者，术前积极处理治疗合并疾病十分重要。
　　肺功能测定临床常用的有肺活量(VC)，最大通气量(MVV)，第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)。第一秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量的百分率(FEV1%)。一般认为当VC占预计值百分率(VC%)≤50%，MVV占预计值百分率(MVV%)≤50%，FEV1 或FEV1%<50%时剖胸术的风险非常大。一般认为MVV% ≥70% 者手术无禁忌，69%～50%者应慎重考虑;49%～30%者应尽量保守或避免手术，30%以下者禁忌手术。

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==== 汉译英 ====
Lung cancer, preoperative preparation
Lung cancer, including pre-surgery preparation and surgery oncology prepared in two ways. Diagnosis and staging of lung cancer once it has been recognized as a consistent check indications of lung cancer surgery patients, the attending doctor will develop a range of pulmonary resection associated with the preoperative clinical examination.
Detailed history and understand the health status of the body to complete the vital organs function checks to see if there are drug allergy history and past surgical history. Focused on lung function and heart surgery function tests. Pulmonary function tests to confirm whether I lung compensation. Blood gas analysis used to determine blood oxygen and carbon dioxide excretion function, ECG and cardiac ultrasound to confirm the ability to withstand open-chest heart surgery.
Health care workers will also help patients with pulmonary function and how to exercise effective coughing.
Patients with lung cancer prior to surgery must quit smoking, smoking on lung surgery have a negative impact. Smoking can irritate the airways, reduced airway clearance of mucus in the ability of the cilia, leading to mucus deposition, affecting postoperative expectoration; thoracic surgery itself is a kind of healthy lung tissue injury, lung resection I am prone to pulmonary lung Atelectasis appeared significantly increased risk of lung infections. Medical and nursing staff would caution smokers stop smoking and quit smoking before surgery to reach at least 2_3 weeks.
Enema the day before surgery, or to conduct wear laxatives, fasting 10 o'clock night before surgery, routine taking hypnotics, into the operating room before the removal of all jewelry, contact lenses, dentures, wigs, etc..
For elderly patients with other diseases combined, preoperative actively seized of the importance of treating the disease combined.
Clinical pulmonary function test are commonly used in vital capacity (VC), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). First second forced expiratory volume accounts for the percentage of FVC (FEV1%). When the VC is generally believed that the percentage of total estimated value (VC%) ≤ 50%, MVV percentage of total estimated value (MVV%) ≤ 50%, FEV1 or FEV1% <50% when the risk of thoracotomy very large. Is generally believed that MVV% ≥ 70% were non-surgical contraindications, 69% ~ 50% of those who should be carefully taken into account; 49% ~ 30% of those who should be conservative or to avoid surgery, 30% below taboo surgery.