肺癌

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   据美国媒体8月24日报道，美国阿尔尼拉姆（Alnylam）生物技术公司日前宣布他们找到了一种能够治愈所有癌症的新型药物，首批接受临床试验的19名晚期肝癌患者病情都有较大好转。不仅如此，该公司称，假以时日，这种药物甚至有可能治愈一切疾病。

    首批患者反应良好
    今年4月，19名接受化疗但没有好转的肝癌病人开始服用这种名为ALN-VSP的新型药物。服用第一剂后的数周内，药物就已经很明显地开始阻止肿瘤产生自身生长需要的蛋白质。
    到今年6月，阿尔尼拉姆公司称，通过“唤醒”人体自身的一种很少使用的免疫防御系统，ALN-VSP成功切断肝癌患者体内肿瘤62%的血流量。在治疗肝癌时，传统药物一般使用消除致病蛋白质的方法，而ALN-VSP则通过核糖核酸干扰（RNAi）疗法直接阻止细胞生成致病蛋白质。
    阿尔尼拉姆公司总裁约翰 马拉加诺形象地解释说：“想象你厨房内水流一地，现有的药物可以帮你把水都吸干，但是ALN-VSP的核糖核酸干扰疗法则能帮你把水龙头关上。”

    唤醒人体自身防御机制
    科学家在研究中还发现核糖核酸（RNA）和脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）之间一个奇妙的联系——如果说DNA对蛋白质来说是一张图纸，那么RNA就是能够下达指令的建筑商。RNA把DNA上的基因复制成单链的信使RNA，再由它向细胞传递信息继而产生蛋白质。
    1998年，科学家发现了核糖核酸干扰（RNAi）机制，原始生物就利用这个系统来甄别和摧毁病毒双链RNA和病毒信使RNA。哺乳动物由于自身带有免疫系统，所以RNAi机制的抗病毒功能就变得没有什么意义，不过包括人类在内的所有脊椎动物至今还在用RNAi来调节信使RNA的活动。
   经过一系列复杂的研究，研究人员最终发现，将一小段双链RNA引入细胞即能触发这一埋藏在人体内的古老机制，使RNAi再次发挥停止生产特定蛋白质的功效。
    从这一角度看，可以说RNAi具有治愈包括癌症在内的许多疾病的能力，这些疾病的特点一般都是由病变细胞产生过量的常见蛋白质所致。从理论上说，操控RNAi来杀死蛋白质并不难。比方说，ALN-VSP内就含有合成的双链RNA，它与肝脏肿瘤用于编码两种蛋白质的信使RNA相匹配，那两种蛋白质分别是促进肿瘤血管生长的血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和加速肿瘤细胞快速分裂的纺锤体驱动蛋白（KSP）。
    合成的双链RNA进入肝细胞后，人体内的RNAi机制便会摧毁合成的RNA和任何与之匹配的、与肿瘤生长相关的信使RNA，阻止蛋白质的继续产生，从而使肿瘤停止生长。

    有望“包治百病”
    美国杜克大学分子生物学家博斯 萨伦格说：“我们可以关闭任何一个带有RNAi机制的基因，这样的基因有2万个。真正的挑战在于，怎样让药物直达靶细胞，而不伤及其它细胞。”研究人员还担心，药物也许会破坏健康细胞产生蛋白质的过程，或者在到达靶细胞之前就被人体免疫系统摧毁。
    现在，阿尔尼拉姆公司表示他们攻克了这一难题——他们将药物包在能被肝脏吸收的脂肪薄膜中，从血管中注入体内。比起只在某一点上注射药物，这种疗法能使整个肝脏都获得均等的剂量。
    除了在癌症领域的应用，这项能攻击单个基因的技术还在其它医学领域掀起一阵RNAi疗法旋风。目前，阿尔尼拉姆公司已经将这种疗法用于亨廷顿氏舞蹈症、视网膜黄斑变性、肌肉萎缩和艾滋病等疾病的研究。
    加利福尼亚州知名分子遗传学家约翰 罗西称，因为其简单的原理，RNAi疗法有望在两年内成熟。现在，阿尔尼拉姆公司计划再招募36名患有其它病症的患者进行ALN-VSP的药物测试。不过由于首批试验效果相当好，ALN-VSP有望成为首批基于RNAi理论而推向市场的药物。罗西表示： “我认为RNAi疗法对所有的病都有效，即使只对肝癌有效，那也已经很棒了……对于那些饱受化疗副作用之苦却还不能好转的肝癌患者来说，这绝对是灵丹妙药。”

==== 汉译英 ====
According to U.S. media reports on August 24, the United States 阿尔尼拉姆 (Alnylam) biotechnology company, today announced they have found a way to cure all cancers of the new drugs, the first for clinical trials in patients with advanced liver disease 19 have and narcotics. Not only that, the company said in time, the drug may even cure any disease.

    The first patient responded well
    In April of this year, 19 received chemotherapy but no improvement of liver cancer patients to start taking, called ALN-VSP for new drugs. Taking a few weeks after the first dose of drug had clearly begun to prevent tumor growth and need to produce their own proteins.
    In June this year, 阿尔尼拉姆 company said, by "waking up" a rarely used the body's own immune defense system, ALN-VSP successfully cut 62% of liver cancer tumors in vivo blood flow. In the treatment of liver cancer, use of traditional medicines general method to eliminate disease-causing protein, while the ALN-VSP through the RNA interference (RNAi) therapy to prevent cells generate direct pathogenic protein.
    阿尔尼拉姆 President 约翰马拉加诺 vividly explained: "Imagine you are in the kitchen of a ground water, existing drugs can help you suck all the water, but the ALN-VSP of RNA interference therapy is help You turn the tap off. "

    Wake up the body's own defense mechanism
    Scientists in the study also showed that RNA (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a wonderful link between the - if the protein is a DNA blueprint, then the RNA is able to issue instructions builders. RNA genes on the DNA copy into a single strand of messenger RNA, which then transmit information to the cells and then produce the protein.
    In 1998, scientists discovered RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, the original bio on the use of this system to identify and destroy the virus double-stranded RNA and viral messenger RNA. Mammals because of their own with the immune system, so RNAi mechanism of anti-virus function becomes meaningless, but in all vertebrates, including humans, have also used RNAi to regulate the activities of messenger RNA.
   After a complex series of studies, researchers eventually found that the short double-stranded RNA into cells that can trigger the body buried in the old mechanism to stop the production of RNAi to play again, the effectiveness of specific proteins.
    From this perspective, can be said that RNAi has the cure for many diseases including cancer, capacity, these diseases are generally characterized by cells from the lesions caused by excessive common proteins. In theory, RNAi to manipulate the protein is not difficult to kill. For example, ALN-VSP with synthetic double-stranded within the RNA, with the liver cancer for the messenger RNA encoding two proteins matched two proteins that promote tumor angiogenesis are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and accelerated rapidly dividing tumor cells of spindle-driven protein (KSP).
    Synthetic double-stranded RNA into the liver cells, the body will destroy the RNAi mechanism of RNA synthesis and any matching, and tumor growth-related messenger RNA, to stop the continuing production of protein, so that tumors stop growing.

    Expected to "cure"
    博斯萨伦格 molecular biologist at Duke University, said: "We can turn off any gene with an RNAi mechanism, so that there are 20 000 genes. The real challenge is how to make drugs directly to target cells, but not harming other cells. "researchers also worry that drugs may undermine the process of healthy cells to produce protein, or before reaching the target cells are the body's immune system to destroy.
    Now, 阿尔尼拉姆 companies have tackled this problem - they can be the drug wrapped in fatty liver uptake of the film, from the bloodstream into the body. At some point, compared with only injection, this therapy can have access to equal the whole liver dose.
    In addition to applications in the field of cancer, this technology can attack a single gene in other medical fields are still a wave of RNAi therapy whirlwind. Currently, the company has 阿尔尼拉姆 therapy for Huntington's disease that, macular degeneration, muscular dystrophy and AIDS and other diseases.
    Renowned molecular geneticist Yuehanluoxi California, said because of its simple principle, RNAi treatment is expected to mature in two years. Now, 阿尔尼拉姆 company plans to recruit 36 of patients suffering from other diseases ALN-VSP drug test. However, as the first test result was very good, ALN-VSP is expected to be among the first theory of the market based on RNAi drugs. Rossi said: "I think the RNAi therapies are effective for all patients, even if only for liver cancer effectively, it also has great a ... ... For those who are still suffering from the pain side effects of chemotherapy can improve the liver cancer patients, This is definitely a panacea. " 

肺癌十万个为什么