肺癌

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    目前临床上常见的肺癌患者约80%为包括鳞癌、腺癌等在内的非小细胞肺癌，这些患者确诊时有85%左右是中晚期，约75%的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者失去了手术根治性治疗机会、常规放化疗的临床效果也不甚理想。
    分子靶向药物治疗是近年新兴的一种治疗手段，因其具有高度选择性地杀死肿瘤细胞而不杀伤或仅很少损伤正常细胞的特点，安全性和耐受性较好、毒副作用相对较小，不少患者都视其为治疗肺癌的一线生机。
    然而，恰恰由于靶向药物是为攻击特异性靶分子而设计，所以须找到合适靶点才能发挥其疗效，而能否在个体患者身上找到合适的“靶”以及能否在采用后控制肿瘤的生长，都是因人而异、因靶而异的。
　　“很多靶向药物已被证明只对部分肿瘤患者较为有效，而剩下的则是微效和无效。”
    专家解释说，肺癌从发病机制上大体可分为两类，一类由吸烟所致，长期大量吸烟会引起K-ras基因突变，多为鳞癌、小细胞癌，目前尚无有效的靶向治疗药物；
    另一类是人体表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变，多为非小细胞肺癌，靶向治疗对这类患者效果明显，可采用表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，通过阻断致癌信号的传输达到控制癌症的效果。
    因此有无K-ras基因和EGFR基因突变成为影响疗效的最重要因素。
　　309肿瘤医院专家指出“临床条件不同的患者，分子靶向药物治疗的疗效不一样。非小细胞肺癌个体化治疗方案的确定，依赖于基因突变检测的结果，这样靶向药物才能找到合适的靶点并充分发挥疗效。”
    专家说，研究发现，女性、腺癌、不吸烟、亚洲非小细胞肺癌患者EGFR基因突变率很高，尤其亚裔患者EGFR基因突变发生率为30%至40%，高于欧洲患者的10%至15%。
    因对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂高度敏感，这些晚期非小细胞肺癌患者可在确诊初期就选用特异靶向药物治疗，以最大限度提高治疗效果。

==== 汉译英 ====
Present a common clinical about 80% of patients with lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, including non-small cell lung cancer, these patients is about 85% of the time of diagnosis is the late, about 75% of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer lost opportunities for radical surgical treatment, the clinical effects of conventional chemotherapy and is also not ideal.
    Molecular targeted drug therapy is a new kind of treatment in recent years, because of its highly selective killing of tumor cells or only a small Sun Shang Er Bu anti-normal cell characteristics, safety and good tolerability, side effects relative small, many view them as the treatment of lung cancer patients have a chance.
    However, precisely because of the targeted therapy is designed to attack specific target molecules, so to find a suitable target to play to their efficacy, and whether the individual patients find the right "target" and can control the use of tumor after Growth, both vary due to target-specific.

"A lot of targeted drug has been shown only more effective for some cancer patients, while the rest is minor and ineffective."
    Experts explained that the mechanism of lung cancer from a disease can be divided into two categories caused by smoking, heavy smoking may cause long-term K-ras gene mutations, mostly squamous cell carcinoma, small cell cancer, currently no effective targeted therapy;
    The other is human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations, many non-small cell lung cancer, targeted therapy for these patients obvious effect, can be used epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, by blocking the transmission of signals to control carcinogenic effect of cancer.
    So whether K-ras gene and the EGFR gene mutation as the most important factors influencing efficacy.
309 Cancer Hospital experts pointed out that "different clinical conditions of patients, the efficacy of molecular targeted drugs are different. Non-small cell lung cancer to determine individualized treatment programs, depending on the result of genetic mutation, so that drug targeting to find a suitable target point and full effect. "
    Experts say, the study found, women, adenocarcinoma, non-smoking, non-small cell lung cancer patients in Asia EGFR gene mutation rate is high, particularly in Asian patients with EGFR mutations occur in 30% to 40% higher than the 10 European patients % to 15%.
    Because of the highly sensitive tyrosine kinase inhibitors, these patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer can be used in early diagnosis of specific targeted drug therapy to maximize therapeutic effect.